Sculpture
Sculpture is the art or practice of shaping figures or design in the round or in
relief, as by chiseling stone, or modeling clay. Traditional materials used for
the making sculptures are stone, metal, wood, ivory, bone and clay. Sculpture
may be either in the round or in relief. A sculpture in the round is a separate,
detached object in its own right, leading the same kind of independent existence
in space as a human body or a chair. A relief does not have this kind of
independence. It projects from and is attached to or is an integral part of
something else that serves either as a background against which it is set or a
matrix from which it emerges. In technical words Round sculptures has three
dimensions whereas Relief sculptures has two dimensions. But in high relief
sculptures, sculptor tries to give third dimension to his picture but never
completes the third dimension. Thus high relief sculptures gives effect of three
dimensional pictures.
Round Sculpture
Round Sculptures, since the 20th century has not been confined to the two
traditional forming processes of carving and modeling or to such traditional
natural materials as stone, metal, wood, ivory, bone, and clay. Because
present-day sculptors for making Round Sculptures use any materials and methods
of manufacture that will serve their purposes, The art of Round sculpture can no
longer be identified with any special materials or techniques.
But about the Relief Sculptures, for a sculptor ( not machine ), method of
carving and material used has remained same as traditional method and material.
Relief Sculpture
A type of sculpture in which form projects from a background is called Relief
Sculpture. Relief Sculptures out of stone, wood ivory and bone are made only by
the chiseling process. But since metal is a only material which is available in
solid log or in thin sheet, Relief Sculptures of metal can be made by carving as
well as by embossing process.
Types of Relief Sculptures
There are three degrees or types of relief: high, low, and sunken. In High
Relief, the forms stand far out from the background. In Low Relief, ( best known
as Bas-Relief ), they are shallow. In Sunken Relief, also called hollow or
Intaglio, the backgrounds are not cut back and the points in highest relief are
level with the original surface of the material being carved. Sunken Relief can
be more explained as, where the image is carved into the material, creating an
effect of negative, in contrast to other types of relief work where the
surrounding material is carved away to leave image.
Metal Relief Sculpture ( Also called Repousse )
Since the metal is a only material which is available in solid log or in thin
sheet, Relief Sculptures of metal can be made by carving as well as by embossing
process. Carving is the process of removing material with the help of chisel and
hammer to bring that material to desired shape or figure. Embossing means
raising the surface to the desired form or shape. If the metal is a solid log,
embossing is done with the help of carved die made up of comparatively harder
metal and by giving large pressure on that die over the log of metal, so that
the background compressed for depth. For example : coins are made by emboss
process. If the metal is a thin sheet, hard enough to push or press, metal
relief or embossing is done by punching process using two traditional tools :
punch and hammer. If the metal is a very thin sheet soft enough to push or
press, metal relief or embossing is done just by hand pressing using Teflon or
wooden tools.
Relief Sculptures made up of metal and made to display on wall are also called
metal wall sculptures.
For metal relief works, the metal should posses two main qualities like softness
and malleable ness. And these qualities are found in maximum proportion in Gold
metal, thereafter in Silver, Copper and Aluminum.
Metal Wall Sculptures by Anand Charya
My metal wall sculptures are the relief sculptures made by the embossing
process. In my metal wall sculptures I have chosen Aluminum metal since it is
much cheaper than the gold and silver. My metal wall sculptures are done by
stretching the metal down into a mould of soft supporting pith ( mixture of
plaster of Paris, wax, tar and linseed oil ). Relief is made by keeping the
metal sheet on the pitch and then by hammering the metal into the pitch. The
pitch supports the surrounding metal while metal being relief or raised or
embossed. Hardness of the pitch is kept as per the depth of the metal desired.
For detail work use of wooden mould is also done. Punches of various sizes and
shapes are used according to the depth and width of the embossed shape. Sizes of
my wall sculptures are : 2 ft. x ft. and 3 ft. x 2ft. I have achieved the depth
of 2 to 5 inches in my works. Central form of the pictures are colored with
transparent colors to maintain the metal sheen and opaque colors are used over
background. Besides, every creation is exclusive.
Use of Sculptures
In ancient time, Religious kings and saints used wall sculptures to give message
of conduct for the people for the peace and goodwill of the society and
humankind. Some kings used wall sculptures to show his strength to the world.
Sculptures in the form of statues are made to remember one's personality. But
mostly, Sculptures are often used in architecture to decorate buildings, walls,
etc. because wall sculptures always give a noble touch to that place. It shows
prosperity of that place.